| http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/Ontology_Course.html 
 A training course in eight lectures by Barry SmithThis course provides a basic introduction to ontology with special reference to applications in the field of biomedical research. It is designed to be of interest to both philosophers and those with a background in the life sciences. It is free for use in any way.
 
 
 1. What is an ontology and what is it useful for? Video • SlidesWho am I?Full deck of slides in handout formBackground reading Course detailsThe problem of data silos
 Pros and cons of standards
 Obrst’s Ontology Spectrum
 NIH mandates for sharing of research data
 Scientific ontologies
 The methodology of ontological realism
 The central distinction: universals vs. instances
 Some basic terminology
 2. Basic Formal Ontology: An upper-level ontology for scientific research Video • SlidesBasic Formal Ontology: An upper-level ontology to support scientific research
 Contemporary top-level ontologies: DOLCE, SUMO, BFO
 Continuants and occurrents
 Qualities
 3. Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) and the Web Ontology Language (OWL) Video • Slides The Gene Ontology and Open Biomedical Ontologies
 The methodology of cross-products
 How to formulate definitions
 Accessing ontologies
 The NCBO BioPortal
 Ontology software: OBO-Edit and Protégé-OWL
 How to build an ontology
 Example: the Vaccine Ontology (VO)
 4. The OBO Relation Ontology Video • Slides Ontological realism and multiple perspectives
 Granularity
 Participation
 The OBO Relation Ontology
 Some primitive relations: instance_of, part_of, located_in
 5. An ontological introduction to biomedicine: Defining organism, function and disease
 Video • Slides When does an organism begin to exist?
 What is a substance?
 Substantial change
 Normality and prototypes
 Canonical ontologies
 Model organisms
 The canonical life
 What does “function” mean?
 What is a disease?
 6. The Gene Ontology (GO), the Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA) and the Infectious Disease Ontology (IDO) Video • Slides Ontologies as legends for data
 How the Gene Ontology works: The methodology of annotations
 Instances and universals
 The Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA)
 CARO – Common Anatomy Reference Ontology
 The Infectious Disease Ontology
 What is a role?
 7. The OBO Foundry: A suite of biomedical ontologies to support reasoning and data integration Video • SlidesThe International Standard System of Units
 The OBO Foundry initiative
 OBO Foundry Criteria
 How to submit ontologies to the Foundry
 Building out from the Gene Ontology: Towards an ontology for Community Medicine
 The Environment Ontology (EnvO)
 A new type of environmental patient history
 8. Further applications Video • SlidesTowards an ontology of science
 The problem of data provenance
 EXPO: The Ontology of Experiments
 The MGED Ontology
 OBI: The Ontology for Biomedical Investigations
 OBI Functions
 Towards an Ontology of Information Entities
 What is a credit card number?
 What is a string?
 What is a protocol?
 Novels, databases, ontologies
 Universals, instances and copies:
 Specifically Dependent vs. Generically Dependent Continuants
 Are strings of DNA information entities?
 Copies and performances
 
 
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