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老包 · 发表于 2005-12-20 08:48:19

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老包 · 发表于 2005-12-20 08:51:08

<h1>1. Introduction</h1>"Tell me what wines I should buy to serve with each course of the following menu. And, by the way, I don't like Sauternes." It would be difficult today to construct a Web agent that would be capable of performing a search for wines on the Web that satisfied this query. Similarly, consider actually assigning a software agent the task of making a coherent set of travel arrangements. (For more use cases see the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#Requirements" target="_blank">OWL requirements document</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#Requirements" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide...0/#Requirements</a>).) “告诉我我应该买什么酒提供给下列菜单的每道菜，随便说一下，我不喜欢苏特恩白葡萄酒”。 目前构造一个能够查找满足这个查询的酒的Web代理会是困难的。类似地，考虑派给软件代理一个做出合理的旅行安排的任务（更多的用例，参考<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#Requirements" target="_blank">OWL需求文档</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#Requirements" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide...0/#Requirements</a>)）。 To support this sort of computation, it is necessary to go beyond keywords and specify the meaning of the resources described on the Web. This additional layer of interpretation captures the semantics of the data. 为了支持这种计算，不仅仅用关键词而是说明Web上描述的资源的含义是必要的。这个额外的解释层表述了数据的“语义”。 The OWL Web Ontologoy Language is a language for defining and instantiating Web ontologies. Ontology is a term borrowed from philosophy that refers to the science of describing the kinds of entities in the world and how they are related. An OWL ontology may include descriptions of classes, properties and their instances. Given such an ontology, the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-semantics-20040210/" target="_blank">OWL formal semantics</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-semantics-20040210/" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-semantics-20040210/</a>) specifies how to derive its logical consequences, i.e. facts not literally present in the ontology, but entailed by the semantics. These entailments may be based on a single document or multiple distributed documents that have been combined using defined <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#import" target="_blank">OWL mechanisms</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#import" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#import</a>). Web本体语言OWL是一种定义和实例化“Web本体”的语言。“本体”这个术语来自于哲学，它是研究世界上的各种实体以及他们是怎么关联的科学。一个“Web本体”可能包含了类，属性和他们的实例的描述。给出这样的一个本体，<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-semantics-20040210/" target="_blank">OWL形式语义</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-semantics-20040210/" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-semantics-20040210/</a>)说明怎么获得它的逻辑结论，也就是说，不是逐字写在本体中的事实，而是语义蕴涵的事实。这些蕴涵可以是基于单个的文档也或利用<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#import" target="_blank">OWL机制</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#import" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#import</a>)合并在一起的多个分布的文档。 This document is one component of the description of OWL, the Web Ontology Language, being produced by the W3C Web Ontology Working Group (WebOnt). The <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-features-20040210/#s1.1" target="_blank">Document Roadmap</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-features-20040210/#s1.1" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-features-20040210/#s1.1</a>) section of the Overview (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#FeatureList" target="_blank">[Overview</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#FeatureList" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide...10/#FeatureList</a>)], 1.1) describes each of the different parts and how they fit together. 本文档是W3CWeb本体工作组（WebOnt）制定的Web本体语言的描述的一部分。 OWL综述(<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#FeatureList" target="_blank">[Overview</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#FeatureList" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide...10/#FeatureList</a>)], 1.1)的<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-features-20040210/#s1.1" target="_blank">文档指南</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-features-20040210/#s1.1" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-features-20040210/#s1.1</a>) 部分描述了不同部分的文档以及他们怎样结合的。 One question that comes up when describing yet another XML/Web standard is "What does this buy me that XML and XML Schema don't?" There are two answers to this question. 当描述另外一个XML/Web标准时，有一个问题会冒出来：这个标准给了我什么XML和XML Schema不能给的。这个问题有两个答案。 <ul><li>An ontology differs from an XML schema in that it is a knowledge representation, not a message format. Most industry based Web standards consist of a combination of message formats and protocol specifications. These formats have been given an operational semantics, such as, "Upon receipt of this PurchaseOrder message, transfer Amount dollars from AccountFrom to AccountTo and ship Product." But the specification is not designed to support reasoning outside the transaction context. For example, we won't in general have a mechanism to conclude that because the Product is a type of Chardonnay it must also be a white wine. </li></ul> <ul><li>本体和XML Schema的区别是它是一种知识表示，而不是一种消息格式。大多数来自工业界的Web标准包含了一个消息格式和协议规范的组合。这些格式已经被给予一个操作语义，例如，"一旦收到订单（PurchaseOrder）的消息，从AccountFrom账号转移Amount数量的美元到AccountTo账号，并且发货(Product)"，但是这些规范并没有设计为支持此事务上下文之外的推理。例如，一般来说，没有机制让我们推出：因为这个产品的类型是夏敦埃酒（Chardonnay，一种无甜味白葡萄酒），它必定也是一种白酒。 </li></ul><ul><li>One advantage of OWL ontologies will be the availability of tools that can reason about them. Tools will provide generic support that is not specific to the particular subject domain, which would be the case if one were to build a system to reason about a specific industry-standard XML schema. Building a sound and useful reasoning system is not a simple effort. Constructing an ontology is much more tractable. It is our expectation that many groups will embark on ontology construction. They will benefit from third party tools based on the formal properties of the OWL language, tools that will deliver an assortment of capabilities that most organizations would be hard pressed to duplicate. </li><li>OWL本体的一个优点是会有能够对其做推理的工具。这些工具提供了不特定于某个主题领域的通用支持，而如果要构建一个能对一个特定的工业界标准XML Schema做推理的系统，它往往是特定于一个领域的。构建一个可靠的和有用的推理系统不是一项简单的工作。而创建一个本体则更为容易处理。我们的期望就是很多团体会着手本体创建。他们会得益于基于OWL语言的形式属性的第三方工具，这些工具提供了多种多样的能力，而这些能力是大部分组织难以复制的。 </li></ul><div class="editsection">[<a href="http://wiki.w3china.org/wiki/index.php?title=OWL%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97_%E6%8E%A8%E8%8D%90%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86-1&action=edit&section=2" target="_blank">编辑</a>]</div><a name="1.1._The_Species_of_OWL"></a><h2>1.1. The Species of OWL</h2>The OWL language provides three increasingly expressive sublanguages designed for use by specific communities of implementers and users. OWL提供了三种表达能力递增的子语言，以分别用于特定的实现者和用户团体。 <ul><li> </li></ul>OWL Lite supports those users primarily needing a classification hierarchy and simple constraint features. For example, while OWL Lite supports cardinality constraints, it only permits cardinality values of 0 or 1. It should be simpler to provide tool support for OWL Lite than its more expressive relatives, and provide a quick migration path for thesauri and other taxonomies. <ul><li> </li></ul>OWL Lite用于提供给那些只需要一个分类层次和简单约束的用户。例如，虽然OWL Lite支持支持基数限制，但只允许基数为0或1。提供支持OWL Lite的工具应该比支持表达能力更强的其他OWL语言更简单，并且从辞典（thesauri）和分类系统（taxonomy）转换到OWL Lite更为迅速。 <ul><li> </li></ul>OWL DL supports those users who want the maximum expressiveness without losing computational completeness (all entailments are guaranteed to be computed) and decidability (all computations will finish in finite time) of reasoning systems. OWL DL includes all OWL language constructs with restrictions such as type separation (a class can not also be an individual or property, a property can not also be an individual or class). OWL DL is so named due to its correspondence with description logics <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#DescriptionLogics" target="_blank">[Description Logics</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#DescriptionLogics" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide...scriptionLogics</a>)], a field of research that has studied a particular decidable fragment of first order logic. OWL DL was designed to support the existing Description Logic business segment and has desirable computational properties for reasoning systems. <ul><li> </li></ul>OWL DL 支持那些需要最强表达能力的推理系统的用户，且这个推理系统能够保证计算的完全性（computational completeness，即所有的结论都能够保证被计算出来）和可判定性（decidability，即所有的计算都在有限的时间内完成）。它包括了OWL语言的所有成分，但有一定的限制，如类型的分离（一个类不能同时是一个个体或属性，一个属性不能同时是一个个体或类）。OWL DL 这么命名是因为它对应于<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#DescriptionLogics" target="_blank">[描述逻辑</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#DescriptionLogics" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide...scriptionLogics</a>)]，这是一个研究一阶逻辑的一个特定可判定片断的领域。OWL DL旨在支持已有的描述逻辑商业处理（business segment）和具有良好计算性质的推理系统。 <ul><li> </li></ul>OWL Full is meant for users who want maximum expressiveness and the syntactic freedom of RDF with no computational guarantees. For example, in OWL Full a class can be treated simultaneously as a collection of individuals and as an individual in its own right. Another significant difference from OWL DL is that a owl

atatypeProperty can be marked as an owl:InverseFunctionalProperty. OWL Full allows an ontology to augment the meaning of the pre-defined (RDF or OWL) vocabulary. It is unlikely that any reasoning software will be able to support every feature of OWL Full. <ul><li> </li></ul>OWL Full 支持那些需要尽管没有可计算性保证，但有最强的表达能力和完全自由的RDF语法的用户。例如，在OWL Full中，一个类可以被同时看为许多个体的一个集合以及本身作为一个个体。另外一个和OWL DL的重要区别是owl

atatypeProperty（数据类型属性）能作为一个owl:InverseFunctionalProperty（逆函数型属性）。OWL full允许一个本体增加预定义的（RDF、OWL）词汇的含义。这样，不太可能有推理软件能支持对OWL FULL的所有成分的完全推理。 Each of these sublanguages is an extension of its simpler predecessor, both in what can be legally expressed and in what can be validly concluded. The following set of relations hold. Their inverses do not. <ul><li>Every legal OWL Lite ontology is a legal OWL DL ontology. </li><li>Every legal OWL DL ontology is a legal OWL Full ontology. </li><li>Every valid OWL Lite conclusion is a valid OWL DL conclusion. </li><li>Every valid OWL DL conclusion is a valid OWL Full conclusion. </li></ul>在表达能力和推理能力上，每个子语言都是前面的语言的扩展。这三种子语言之间有如下关系成立，但这些关系反过来并不成立。 <ul><li>每个合法的OWL Lite本体都是一个合法的OWL DL本体； </li><li>每个合法的OWL DL本体都是一个合法的OWL Full本体； </li><li>每个有效的OWL Lite结论都是一个有效的OWL DL结论； </li><li>每个有效的OWL DL结论都是一个有效的OWL Full结论。 </li></ul>Ontology developers adopting OWL should consider which species best suits their needs. The choice between OWL Lite and OWL DL depends on the extent to which users require the more expressive restriction constructs provided by OWL DL. Reasoners for OWL Lite will have desirable computational properties. Reasoners for OWL DL, while dealing with a decidable sublanguage, will be subject to higher worst-case complexity. The choice between OWL DL and OWL Full mainly depends on the extent to which users require the meta-modelling facilities of RDF Schema (i.e. defining classes of classes). When using OWL Full as compared to OWL DL, reasoning support is less predictable. For more information about this issue see the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#FormalModel" target="_blank">OWL semantics document</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#FormalModel" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide...10/#FormalModel</a>). 使用OWL的本体开发者要考虑哪种语言最符合他们的需求。选择OWL Lite还是OWL DL主要取决于用户在多大程度上需要OWL DL提供的表达能力更强的成分。OWL Lite的推理机会有良好的计算性质。而OWL DL的推理机处理的尽管是一个可判定的子语言，会有更高的最坏情况复杂度。选择OWL DL还是OWL Full主要取决于用户在多大程度上需要RDF的元模型机制（如定义关于类的类）；使用OWL Full相比于OWL DL，对推理的支持是更难预测的。关于此问题的更多信息参考<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#FormalModel" target="_blank">OWL语义文档</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#FormalModel" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide...10/#FormalModel</a>)。 Users migrating from RDF to OWL DL or OWL Lite need to take care to ensure that the original RDF document complies with the constraints imposed by OWL DL and OWL Lite. The details of these constraints are explained in <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-ref-20040210/#app-DLinRDF" target="_blank">Appendix E</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-ref-20040210/#app-DLinRDF" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-ref-20040210/#app-DLinRDF</a>) of the OWL Reference. When we introduce constructs that are only permitted in OWL DL or OWL Full, they are marked by "[OWL DL]". 用户在把RDF文档转换到OWL DL或OWL Lite文档时必须谨慎，以保证原来的RDF文档是否满足 OWL DL 或OWL Lite对RDF的一些附加的限制。这些限制在文档OWL参考的<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-ref-20040210/#app-DLinRDF" target="_blank">附录E</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-ref-20040210/#app-DLinRDF" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-ref-20040210/#app-DLinRDF</a>)中有详细的解释。 当我们介绍只在 OWL DL或 OWL Full中允许的构词时，他们被标记为"[OWL DL]"。 <div class="editsection">[<a href="http://wiki.w3china.org/wiki/index.php?title=OWL%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97_%E6%8E%A8%E8%8D%90%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86-1&action=edit&section=3" target="_blank">编辑</a>]</div>

老包 · 发表于 2005-12-20 08:51:59

<h2>1.2. Structure of the Document</h2>In order to provide a consistent set of examples throughout the guide, we have created a <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine.rdf" target="_blank">wine</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine.rdf" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine.rdf</a>) and <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/food.rdf" target="_blank">food</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/food.rdf" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/food.rdf</a>) ontology. This is an OWL DL ontology. Some of our discussion will focus on OWL Full capabilities and is so marked. The wine and food ontology is a significant modification of an <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#wine1" target="_blank">element</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#wine1" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#wine1</a>) of the DAML ontology library with a long history. It was originally developed by McGuinness as a CLASSIC description logic <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#wine3" target="_blank">example</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#wine3" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#wine3</a>), expanded to a description logic <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#wine4" target="_blank">tutorial</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#wine4" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#wine4</a>), and expanded to an ontology <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#wine2" target="_blank">tutorial</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#wine2" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#wine2</a>). 为了在这个指南中提供一个一致的例子，我们创建了一个关于<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine.rdf" target="_blank">酒</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine.rdf" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine.rdf</a>)和<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/food.rdf" target="_blank">食物</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/food.rdf" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/food.rdf</a>)的本体。它是一个OWL DL本体。我们有些讨论会集中于OWL Full的表达能力，因此会标注出来。这个酒和食物本体是对历史悠久的DAML本体库中的一个<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#wine1" target="_blank">元素</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#wine1" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#wine1</a>) 的重大修改而成的。它最初由McGuinness作为一个描述逻辑CLASSIC的<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#wine3" target="_blank">例子</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#wine3" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#wine3</a>)开发的，后来扩充为一个描述逻辑<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#wine4" target="_blank">教程</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#wine4" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#wine4</a>)和一个本体<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#wine2" target="_blank">教程</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#wine2" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#wine2</a>)。 In this document we present examples using the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/#grammar" target="_blank">RDF/XML syntax</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/#grammar" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/#grammar</a>) (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#RDF1" target="_blank">[RDF</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#RDF1" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#RDF1</a>)], 5), assuming XML will be familiar to the largest audience. The normative OWL exchange syntax is RDF/XML. Note that OWL has been designed for maximal compatibility with RDF and RDF Schema. These XML and RDF formats are part of the OWL standard. 在这个文档中，我们假设大部分读者熟悉XML，因此用<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/#grammar" target="_blank">RDF/XML语法</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/#grammar" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/#grammar</a>)表示例子(<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#RDF1" target="_blank">[RDF</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#RDF1" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#RDF1</a>)], 5)。标准的OWL交换语法是RDF/XML。注意OWL在设计时保持了与RDF和RDF Schema的最大兼容性。这些XML和RDF格式是OWL标准的一部分。 All of the examples presented in this document are taken from the ontologies contained in <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine.rdf" target="_blank">wine.rdf</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine.rdf" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine.rdf</a>) and <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/food.rdf" target="_blank">food.rdf</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/food.rdf" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/food.rdf</a>), except those marked with  ?  in the bottom right corner. 本文档中引进的所有例子都是从本体<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine.rdf" target="_blank">wine.rdf</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine.rdf" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine.rdf</a>) 和 <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/food.rdf" target="_blank">food.rdf</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/food.rdf" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/food.rdf</a>)中摘取的，除了那些在右下角用 ?  标注的。

老包 · 发表于 2005-12-20 08:53:26

<h1>2. The Structure of Ontologies </h1>=2. 本体的结构 OWL is a component of the Semantic Web activity. This effort aims to make Web resources more readily accessible to automated processes by adding information about the resources that describe or provide Web content. As the Semantic Web is inherently distributed, OWL must allow for information to be gathered from distributed sources. This is partly done by allowing ontologies to be related, including explicitly importing information from other ontologies. OWL是语义网活动的一个组成部分。这项工作的目的是通过对增加关于那些描述或提供网络内容的资源的信息，从而使网络资源能够更容易地被那些自动进程访问。由于语义网络固有的分布性，OWL必须允许信息能够从分布的信息源收集起来。其中，允许本体间相互联系，包括明确导入其他本体的信息，能够部分实现这样的功能。 In addition, OWL makes an open world assumption. That is, descriptions of resources are not confined to a single file or scope. While class C1 may be defined originally in ontology O1, it can be extended in other ontologies. The consequences of these additional propositions about C1 are monotonic. New information cannot retract previous information. New information can be contradictory, but facts and entailments can only be added, never deleted. 另外，OWL提出了一个开放世界的假设。也就是说，对资源的描述并不局限于在一个简单的文件或范围内。类C1本来是由本体O1定义出来的，然而，它也可以是由其他的本体扩展出来的。对C1进行这样的假设的结果是单调的。新的信息不能否定之前的信息。新的信息可以是和旧的信息矛盾的，但是事实和推导只能被增加而不能被删减。 The possibility of such contradictions is something the designer of an ontology needs to take into consideration. It is expected that tool support will help detect such cases. 当设计一个本体的时候，设计者必须考虑到这种矛盾的可能性。一种期望是，工具的支持将帮助侦测到这样的情况。 In order to write an ontology that can be interpreted unambiguously and used by software agents we require a syntax and formal semantics for OWL. OWL is a vocabulary extension <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-mt/" target="_blank">[RDF Semantics</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-mt/" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-mt/</a>)] of RDF. The OWL semantics are defined in OWL Web Ontology Language Semantics and Abstract Syntax. 为了能写出一个能被唯一翻译的而且能被软件（代理）使用的本体，我们要求OWL有一个语法和正规的语义。OWL是RDF的一个词汇扩充[RDF语义(<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-mt/)" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-mt/)</a>]。在OWL网络本体语言语义和简明语法中，有OWL的语义定义。 <div class="editsection">[<a href="http://wiki.w3china.org/wiki/index.php?title=OWL%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97_%E6%8E%A8%E8%8D%90%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86-2&action=edit&section=2" target="_blank">编辑</a>]</div><a name="2.1._Namespaces"></a><h2>2.1. Namespaces</h2><div class="editsection">[<a href="http://wiki.w3china.org/wiki/index.php?title=OWL%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97_%E6%8E%A8%E8%8D%90%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86-2&action=edit&section=3" target="_blank">编辑</a>]</div><a name="2.1._.E5.91.BD.E5.90.8D.E7.A9.BA.E9.97.B4"></a><h2>2.1. 命名空间</h2>Before we can use a set of terms, we need a precise indication of what specific vocabularies are being used. A standard initial component of an ontology includes a set of XML namespace declarations enclosed in an opening rdf:RDF tag. These provide a means to unambiguously interpret identifiers and make the rest of the ontology presentation much more readable. A typical OWL ontology begins with a <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#XMLNS" target="_blank">namespace declaration</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#XMLNS" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#XMLNS</a>) similar to the following. Of course, the URIs of the defined ontologies will not usually be w3.org references. 在我们使用一组术语之前，我们需要一个精确地指出哪些具体的词汇表将被用到。一个标准的本体开头部分里包括一组XML命名空间（namespace）声明（被包含在rdf:RDF标签里）。这些命名空间声明提供了一种无歧义地解释标识符的方式，并使得剩余的本体表示具有更强的可读性。一个典型的OWL本体以一个<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#XMLNS" target="_blank">命名空间声明（namespace declaration）</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#XMLNS" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#XMLNS</a>)开始（就像下面的例子那样）。当然，被定义本体的URIs未必都是w3.org的。 <pre> <rdf:RDF xmlns ="<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine#" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine#</a>" xmlns:vin ="<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine#" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine#</a>" xml:base ="<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine#" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine#</a>" xmlns:food="<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/food#" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/food#</a>" xmlns

wl ="<a href="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#</a>" xmlns:rdf ="<a href="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#</a>" xmlns:rdfs="<a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#</a>" xmlns:xsd ="<a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#</a>"> </pre>The first two declarations identify the namespace associated with this ontology. The first makes it the default namespace, stating that unprefixed qualified names refer to the current ontology. The second identifies the namespace of the current ontology with the prefix vin:. The third identifies the base URI for this document (see <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#owl_imports" target="_blank">below </a>(<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#owl_imports" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide...10/#owl_imports</a>)). The fourth identifies the namespace of the supporting food ontology with the prefix food:. 前两个声明标识了与该本体相关的命名空间。第一个声明指定了缺省命名空间，即表明所有无前缀的限定名（qualified names）都出自当前本体。第二个声明为当前本体指定了前缀 vin:。第三个声明为当前文档（参见<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#owl_imports" target="_blank">下文</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#owl_imports" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide...10/#owl_imports</a>)）指定了基准URI（base URI）。第四个声明指出食物（food）本体将用前缀food:来标识。 The fifth namespace declaration says that in this document, elements prefixed with owl: should be understood as referring to things drawn from the namespace called <a href="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#</a>. This is a conventional OWL declaration, used to introduce the OWL vocabulary. 第五个命名空间声明指出，在当前文档中，前缀为owl:的元素应被理解是对出自<a href="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#中的事物的引用。这是引入OWL词汇表的惯例用法。" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#中的事物的...惚淼墓呃梅ā?/a> OWL depends on constructs defined by RDF, RDFS, and XML Schema datatypes. In this document, the rdf: prefix refers to things drawn from the namespace called <a href="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#</a>. The next two namespace declarations make similar statements about the RDF Schema (rdfs

and XML Schema datatype (xsd

namespaces. OWL要依赖RDF、RDFS以及XML Schema数据类型中的构词（constructs）。在本文档中，rdf:前缀表明事物出自命名空间 <a href="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#。接下来的两个命名空间声明分别为RDF" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax...间声明分别为RDF</a> Schema和XML Schema数据类型指定前缀rdfs:和xsd:。 As an aid to writing lengthy URLs it can often be useful to provide a set of entity definitions in a document type declaration (DOCTYPE) that precedes the ontology definitions. The names defined by the namespace declarations only have significance as parts of XML tags. Attribute values are not namespace sensitive. But in OWL we frequently reference ontology identifiers using attribute values. They can be written down in their fully expanded form, for example "<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine#merlot" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine#merlot</a>". Alternatively, abbreviations can be defined using an ENTITY definition, for example: 为帮助书写冗长的URLs，在本体的定义之前，在文档类型声明（DOCTYPE）中提供一些实体定义（entity definitions）常常是很有用的。这些被命名空间声明定义的名称仅当作为XML标签的一部分时才具有意义。属性值（attribute values）是不具有命名空间的。但是在OWL里，我们经常要用属性值来引用本体标识符。我们可以写出它们的完整URI形式，比如“<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine#merlot”。或者，利用实体定义来简略URI的书写，例如：" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide...I的书写，例如：</a> <pre> <!DOCTYPE rdf:RDF [ <!ENTITY vin "<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine#" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine#</a>" > <!ENTITY food "<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/food#" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/food#</a>" > ]> </pre>After this pair of ENTITY declarations, we could write the value "&vin;merlot" and it would expand to "<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine#merlot" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine#merlot</a>". 在声明这些实体后，我们可以将“&vin;merlot”作为“<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine#merlot”的简写。" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide...”的简写。</a>

erhaps more importantly, the rdf:RDF namespace declarations can then be simplified so that changes made to the entity declarations will propagate through the ontology consistently. 更为重要的是，这样rdf:RDf命名空间声明可以被简化，并且只需对实体声明作修改即可在整个本体范围内应用URI的变化。 <pre> <rdf:RDF xmlns ="&vin;" xmlns:vin ="&vin;" xml:base ="&vin;" xmlns:food="&food;" xmlns

wl ="<a href="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#</a>" xmlns:rdf ="<a href="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#</a>" xmlns:rdfs="<a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#</a>" xmlns:xsd ="<a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#</a>"> </pre><div class="editsection">[<a href="http://wiki.w3china.org/wiki/index.php?title=OWL%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97_%E6%8E%A8%E8%8D%90%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86-2&action=edit&section=4" target="_blank">编辑</a>]</div>

老包 · 发表于 2005-12-20 08:54:28

<h2>2.2. Ontology Headers</h2><div class="editsection">[<a href="http://wiki.w3china.org/wiki/index.php?title=OWL%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97_%E6%8E%A8%E8%8D%90%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86-2&action=edit&section=5" target="_blank">编辑</a>]</div><a name="2.2._.E6.9C.AC.E4.BD.93.E5.A4.B4.E9.83.A8"></a><h2>2.2. 本体头部</h2>Once namespaces are established we normally include a collection of assertions about the ontology grouped under an owl:Ontology tag. These tags support such critical housekeeping tasks as comments, version control and inclusion of other ontologies. 建立了命名空间后，接下来我们通常要在owl:Ontology标签里给出一组关于本体的声明。这些标签支持一些重要的常务工作比如注释、版本控制以及其他本体的嵌入等。 <pre> <owl:Ontology rdf:about=""> <rdfs:comment>An example OWL ontology</rdfs:comment> <owl:priorVersion rdf:resource="<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/PR-owl-guide-20031215/wine" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/PR-owl-guide-20031215/wine</a>"/> <owl:imports rdf:resource="<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/food" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/food</a>"/> <rdfs:label>Wine Ontology</rdfs:label> ... </pre>Note that we use '...' to indicate that there is additional text that has been elided for purposes of the example. 注意：我们使用“...”表明这里有一些文本被略去了。 The owl:Ontology element is a place to collect much of the OWL meta-data for the document. It does not guarantee that the document describes an ontology in the traditional sense. In some communities, ontologies are not about individuals but only the classes and properties that define a domain. When using OWL to describe a collection of instance data the owl:Ontology tag may be needed in order to record version information and to import the definitions that the document depends on. Thus, in OWL the term ontology has been broadened to include instance data (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#Owl_Ontology_definition" target="_blank">see above</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#Owl_Ontology_definition" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide...logy_definition</a>)). owl:Ontology元素是用来收集关于当前文档的OWL元数据的。它不确保文档描述一个传统意义的本体。在某些圈子里，本体不是关于个体的，而是仅仅关于某个领域的类和属性的。在使用OWL来描述一个实例数据集合时，owl:Ontology标签也许会被需要用来记录版本信息，和导入文档所依赖的一些定义。因此，在OWL里，本体一词被放宽了，已包含实例数据（<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#Owl_Ontology_definition" target="_blank">如上文</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#Owl_Ontology_definition" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide...logy_definition</a>)）。 The rdf:about attribute provides a name or reference for the ontology. Where the value of the attribute is "", the standard case, the name of the ontology is the base URI of the owl:Ontology element. Typically, this is the URI of the document containing the ontology. An exception to this is a context that makes use of xml:base which may set the base URI for an element to something other than the URI of the current document. rdf:about属性为本体提供一个名称或引用。根据标准，当rdf:about属性的值为""时，本体的名称是owl:Ontology元素的基准URI。典型地，这是一个包含本体的文档的URI。在使用了xml:base的上下文中则是一个特殊情况，这时owl:Ontology元素的基准URI也许会被设为其他URI。 rdfs:comment provides the obvious needed capability to annotate an ontology. rdfs:comment提供了显然必须的为本体添加注解的能力。 owl:priorVersion is a standard tag intended to provide hooks for version control systems working with ontologies. Ontology versioning is discussed further <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#OntologyVersioning" target="_blank">below.</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#OntologyVersioning" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide...ologyVersioning</a>) owl:priorVersion是一个为用于本体的版本控制系统提供相关信息（hook）的标准标签。本体的版本控制将在<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#OntologyVersioning" target="_blank">后面</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#OntologyVersioning" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide...ologyVersioning</a>)作进一步讨论。 owl:imports provides an include-style mechanism. owl:imports takes a single argument, identified by the rdf:resource attribute. owl:imports提供了一种嵌入机制。owl:imports接受一个用rdf:resource属性标识的参数。 Importing another ontology brings the entire set of assertions provided by that ontology into the current ontology. In order to make best use of this imported ontology it would normally be coordinated with a namespace declaration. Notice the distinction between these two mechanisms. The namespace declarations provide a convenient means to reference names defined in other OWL ontologies. Conceptually, owl:imports is provided to indicate your intention to include the assertions of the target ontology. Importing another ontology, O2, will also import all of the ontologies that O2 imports. 导入另一个本体将把那个本体中的全部声明引入到当前本体中。为了充分利用好这一机制，通常要与命名空间声明结合使用。请注意这两种机制的区别。命名空间声明提供的是一种方便对其他本体定义的名称进行引用的方法。概念上，owl:imports用于表明包含目标本体中的声明。在导入另一个本体02时，在02中导入的其他本体也将被导入。 Note that owl:imports may not always succeed. As you would expect when dealing with the Semantic Web, access to resources distributed across the Web may not always be possible. Tools will respond to this situation in an implementation defined manner. 注意：owl:imports并不是总能成功的。正如你所料的，在涉及语义网时，对分布在Web上的资源的访问也许是不可及的。在这种情况下，工具的响应是与具体实现相关的。 Note that in order to use the OWL vocabulary you do not need to import the <a href="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl" target="_blank">owl.rdf</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl</a>) ontology. In fact, such an import is not recommended. 注意：不必为了使用OWL本体词汇，而导入<a href="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl" target="_blank">owl.rdf</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl</a>)本体。实际上，这样导入是不推荐的。 One common set of additional tags that could reasonably be included here are some of the standard <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#DublinCore" target="_blank">Dublin Core</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#DublinCore" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#DublinCore</a>) metadata tags. The subset includes those that take simple types or strings as values. Examples include Title, Creator, Description, Publisher, and Date (see <a href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" target="_blank">RDF declarations</a> (<a href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" target="_blank">http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/</a>)). 一个理想的可被嵌入的标签集合是部分标准的<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#DublinCore" target="_blank">Dublin Core</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#DublinCore" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#DublinCore</a>)元数据标签。该子集包含一些值为简单类型或字符串的标签。比如：Title, Creator, Description, Publisher和Date等（参见<a href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" target="_blank">RDF声明</a> (<a href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" target="_blank">http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/</a>)）。

roperties that are used as annotations should be declared using owl:AnnotationProperty. E.g. 被用作注解的属性（properties）应用owl:AnnotationProperty来声明。例如 <pre> <owl:AnnotationProperty rdf:about="&dc;creator" /> </pre>OWL provides several other mechanisms to tie the current ontology and imported ontologies together (see <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#OntologyMapping" target="_blank">ontology mapping</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#OntologyMapping" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide...OntologyMapping</a>)). OWL提供了若干其他的机制来将当前本体与被导入本体相关联（参见<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#OntologyMapping" target="_blank">本题映射</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#OntologyMapping" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide...OntologyMapping</a>)部分）。 We also include an rdfs:label to support a natural language label for our ontology. 我们也可以用rdfs:label来对本体进行自然语言标注。 The ontology header definition is closed with the following tag. 本体头部定义在下列标签处结束。 <pre> </owl:Ontology> </pre>This prelude is followed by the actual definitions that make up the ontology and is ultimately closed by 在这段开头之后跟随的是构成本体的实际定义，最终由 <pre> </rdf:RDF> </pre>终止。

老包 · 发表于 2005-12-20 08:54:55

<h2>2.3. Data Aggregation and Privacy</h2><div class="editsection">[<a href="http://wiki.w3china.org/wiki/index.php?title=OWL%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97_%E6%8E%A8%E8%8D%90%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86-2&action=edit&section=7" target="_blank">编辑</a>]</div><a name="2.3._.E6.95.B0.E6.8D.AE.E9.9B.86.E6.88.90.E4.B8.8E.E9.9A.90.E7.A7.81"></a><h2>2.3. 数据集成与隐私</h2>OWL's ability to express ontological information about instances appearing in multiple documents supports linking of data from diverse sources in a principled way. The underlying semantics provides support for inferences over this data that may yield unexpected results. In particular, the ability to express equivalences using owl:sameAs can be used to state that seemingly different individuals are actually the same. Owl:InverseFunctionalProperty can also be used to link individuals together. For example, if a property such as "SocialSecurityNumber" is an owl:InverseFunctionalProperty, then two separate individuals could be inferred to be identical based on having the same value of that property. When individuals are determined to be the same by such means, information about them from different sources can be merged. This aggregation can be used to determine facts that are not directly represented in any one source. OWL在表达出现在多个文档中的实例信息的能力方面，支持连接来自异源的数据。下层语义为这些数据提供推理支持，这可以产生意外的结果。特别地，owl:sameAs的表达等价的能力，可被用来表达表面上不同的个体实际上是相同的。Owl:InverseFunctionalProperty也可被用来连接个体。例如，如果一个属性，比如“SocialSecurityNumber”，是一个owl:InverseFunctionalProperty，那么两个分开的个体如果具有相同的SocialSecurityNumber属性，则可被推理出是相同的个体。当个体被这样确定为相同时，来自异源的关于这些个体的信息可以被合并。这种聚合可被用来得出不可直接从单源获得的事实。 The ability of the Semantic Web to link information from multiple sources is a desirable and powerful feature that can be used in many <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#IntegratingApplications" target="_blank">applications</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#IntegratingApplications" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide...ingApplications</a>). However, the capability to merge data from multiple sources, combined with the inferential power of OWL, does have potential for abuse. Users of OWL should be alert to the potential privacy implications. Detailed security solutions were considered out of scope for the Working Group. A number of organizations are addressing these issues with a variety of security and preference solutions. See for example <a href="http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/security/charter.php" target="_blank">SAML</a> (<a href="http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/security/charter.php" target="_blank">http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/security/charter.php</a>) and <a href="http://www.w3.org/P3P/" target="_blank">

3P</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/P3P/" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/P3P/</a>). 语义网的连接来自多源的信息的能力是一个理想的、强大的特性，它可被用在许多<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#IntegratingApplications" target="_blank">应用</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#IntegratingApplications" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide...ingApplications</a>)中。但是合并来自多源数据的能力，加上OWL的推理能力，确实存在被误用的可能。OWL用户应对潜在的隐私问题予以警惕。具体的安全方案超出了工作组的工作范畴。一些组织正在用各种不同的安全和偏好方案来处理这些问题，比如<a href="http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/security/charter.php" target="_blank">SAML</a> (<a href="http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/security/charter.php" target="_blank">http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/security/charter.php</a>)和<a href="http://www.w3.org/P3P/" target="_blank">

3P</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/P3P/" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/P3P/</a>)。 <div class="printfooter">取自"<a href="http://wiki.w3china.org/wiki/index.php/OWLæå_æ¨èæ å-2" target="_blank">http://wiki.w3china.org/wiki/index.php/...0%87%E5%87%86-2</a>"</div>

老包 · 发表于 2005-12-20 08:55:45

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