公共卫生的概念的内涵和外延是什么？讨论一下吧

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font color="#000000" size="3"><span class="ourfont2"><span style="COLOR: maroon; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">下面的定义是摘抄的，或者过于空泛，或者流于细节而不成体系。公共卫生与医疗服务的关系是什么？与卫生管理的关系是什么？</span></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font size="3"><span class="ourfont2"><span style="COLOR: maroon; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">公共卫生的概念</span></span><span class="ourfont2"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">是在医学家长期和疾病作斗争中形成的。</span></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><font size="3">l</font><span style="FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"">        </span></span></span><font size="3"><span style="COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">公共卫生</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">是运用医学、工程学和社会科学的各种成就，用以改善和保障人群的健康，预防疾病的一门学科。（国内文献）<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><font size="3">l</font><span style="FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"">        </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><font size="3">早在<span lang="EN-US">1920</span>年，公共卫生创始人之一，<span style="COLOR: maroon">美国耶鲁大学的<span lang="EN-US">C</span>．<span lang="EN-US">E</span>．<span lang="EN-US">A</span>．<span lang="EN-US">Winslow</span>教授</span>就提出，<span lang="EN-US">“</span>公共卫生是防治疾病、延长寿命、改善身体健康和机能的科学和实践。公共卫生通过有组织的社会努力改善环境卫生、控制地区性的疾病、教育人们关于个人卫生的知识、组织医护力量对疾病做出早期诊断和预防治疗，并建立一套社会体制，保障社会中的每一个成员能够享有维持身体健康的生活水准。<span lang="EN-US">”<p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><font size="3">l</font><span style="FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"">        </span></span></span><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">1988</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年的<span style="COLOR: maroon">艾奇逊</span>报告中将公共卫生定义为：<span lang="EN-US">“</span>通过有组织的社会努力预防疾病、延长生命、促进健康的科学和艺术。<span lang="EN-US">”</span>这一概念高度概括了现代公共卫生的要素。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">1995</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年，<span style="COLOR: maroon">英国的<span lang="EN-US">John last</span></span>给出了更为详细的定义，他认为<span lang="EN-US">“</span>公共卫生是为了保护、促进、恢复人们的健康。是通过集体的或社会的行动，维持和促进公众健康的科学、技能和信仰的集合体。公共卫生项目、服务和机构强调整个人群的疾病预防和健康需求。尽管公共卫生活动会随着技术和社会价值等的改变而变化，但是其目标始终保持不变，即减少人群的疾病发生、早死、疾病导致的不适和伤残。因此，公共卫生是一项制度、一门学科、一种实践。<span lang="EN-US">”<p></p></span></span></font></p><h3 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt"><a name="_Toc80948059"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman""><font size="5"></font></span></a></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><font size="3">l</font><span style="FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"">            </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><font size="3">世界卫生组织利用特尔斐方法进行的研究，将<span style="COLOR: maroon">公共卫生的功能</span>概括为以下九个方面：<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 33pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><font size="3">①预防、监测和控制传染性和非传染性疾病；<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 33pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><font size="3">②监测人群健康状况；<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 33pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><font size="3">③健康促进；<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 33pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><font size="3">④职业卫生；<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 33pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><font size="3">⑤保护环境；<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 33pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><font size="3">⑥公共卫生立法；<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 33pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><font size="3">⑦公共卫生管理；<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 33pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><font size="3">⑧特殊公共卫生服务；<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 33pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><font size="3">⑨高危人群和脆弱人群卫生服务。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo2"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><font size="3">l</font><span style="FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"">      </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><font size="3">在《<span lang="EN-US">WTO</span>与公共卫生协议案》中，将公共卫生分为八大类：<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">（</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">王健：北大中国经济研究中心博士后研究员<b>）</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 114pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l1 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: list 114.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><font size="3">①</font><span style="FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"">    </span></span></span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font size="3">传染病的控制<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 114pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l1 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: list 114.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><font size="3">②</font><span style="FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"">    </span></span></span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font size="3">食品的安全<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 114pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l1 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: list 114.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><font size="3">③</font><span style="FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"">    </span></span></span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font size="3">烟草的控制<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 114pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l1 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: list 114.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><font size="3">④</font><span style="FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"">    </span></span></span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font size="3">药品和疫苗的可得性<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 114pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l1 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: list 114.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><font size="3">⑤</font><span style="FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"">    </span></span></span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font size="3">环境卫生<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 114pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l1 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: list 114.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><font size="3">⑥</font><span style="FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"">    </span></span></span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font size="3">健康教育与促进<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 114pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l1 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: list 114.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><font size="3">⑦</font><span style="FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"">    </span></span></span><font size="3"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">食品保障与营养</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 114pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l1 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: list 114.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><font size="3">⑧</font><span style="FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"">    </span></span></span><font size="3"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">卫生服务。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font size="3">其中在全球，在不同国家，每年都有新的传染病发生，传染病是公共卫生防治的重点之一</font></span><span class="ourfont2"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><p></p></span></span></p>