<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font size="3"><span style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: """>现行《医院会计制度》是国家财政部、卫生部于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">1998</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: """>年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">11</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: """>月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">17</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: """>日</span><span style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: """>颁布的《医院会计制度》,并于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">1999</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: """>年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: """>月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: """>日</span><span style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: """>实施的。相对于旧的《医院会计制度》,现行《医院会计制度》根据新形势的要求,借鉴了企业财务会计改革的经验和国际惯例,是医院财务管理、会计核算的重大改革。它为医院适应市场经济,参与市场竞争注入了新的活力,是医院会计同国际惯例接轨,迈向医院会计现代化的又一次重大发展。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">1 </font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: """>现行医院会计制度的特点</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">1.1 </font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: """>现行的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: """>医院会计制度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: """>将会计要素分为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: """>类,即:资产、负债、净资产、收入和支出,改变了过去将会计科目分为资金占用和资金来源两大类的划分方法。</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><br /><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">1.2 </font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: """><font size="3">重新划分医院的收支,加强了收入和支出的管理:将医院收入划分为财政补助收入、上级补助收入、医疗收入、药品收入和其他收入;与收入分类相对应,将医院支出划分为医疗支出、药品支出、财政专项支出和其他支出。取消了过去的制剂收支,将制剂的增加值列入药品进销差价,避免了医院制剂造成的虚收虚支。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><br /><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">1.3 </font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: """><font size="3">医药分开并实行成本核算:由于医院的经济活动不同于一般的事业单位,医院的支出应主要通过医疗服务收入来弥补,而不能依赖出售药品来弥补,将医疗及药品收支分别管理、分开核算,对医疗服务和药品消耗分别实行成本核算。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><br /><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">1.4 </font></span><font size="3"><span style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: """>药品收入实行超收上缴:为了控制医疗费用的盲目增长,减轻人民群众医疗费负担,克服医疗卫生资源的浪费,对医院药品收入实行“核定收入,超收上缴”的管理办法,超出财政部门和主管部门核定的药品收入总额,按规定上缴卫生主管部门,使医院逐步回到因病时值、合理用药的正常轨道上来。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 17.95pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 1.71; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: """>对现行医院会计会计制度看法及</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">设想:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">2.1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">资本性支出的会计处理不甚合理:医院的资本性支出,如购置房屋、设备、大型维修等,按</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">医院会计制度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">规定,应从修购基金或事业基金中列支。这样就不对医院的当期效益发生影响,即购置固定资产时一方面借记“专用基金——一般修购基金”科目,贷记“银行存款”科目;同时借记“固定资产”科目,贷记“固定基金”科目,直到该固定资产报废、毁损等原因减少时,才按原值借记“固定基金”,贷记“固定资产”科目。这种核算方法有很大弊端。比如在一些中小型医院发生较大额的资本性支出时,从修购基金和事业基金中不能或者不完全能列支时,医院会计仅能从医疗支出或药品支出中直接列支,即借记固定资产和相应的支出科目,贷记固定基金和银行存款。在这个会计分录中,固定基金并不是由其他基金转化而来,会造成净资产的一种虚增,这样在资产负债表中体现出的净资产就不能充分体现出所有者权益,会影响医院当期乃至全年的收支结余。为准确的反映净资产的内部变化,使资本性支出不影响医院的当期效益,不影响医院收支结余的计算,资本性支出资本在净资产中不再列支时,由原来的借记固定资产和相应的支出,贷记固定基金和银行存款,变成只借记固定资产,贷记银行存款,不调整固定基金,也不列相应的支出,以后随着修购基金的提取或事业基金的增加,再逐步调整固定基金,直至与固定资产相等平衡。这种会计核算方法,对医院当期效益不发生影响。借记固定资产,贷记银行存款,反映出资产由流动资产转化为非流动资产;不调整固定基金,说明在净资产中没有自有资金向固定基金转化,以后随着净资产的增加逐步调整固定基金正是反映净资产内部的转换关系。固定资产和固定基金调整的不一致性,说明医院的自有资金由无到有正逐步增加。另外,也可借鉴企业会计制度做这样的会计处理:取消“固定基金”科目的核算内容,购入固定资产时做会计分录:借:固定资产。贷:银行存款。不再同时做现行</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">医院会计制度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">规定的借:专用基金——一般修购基金;贷:固定基金的分录</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">.<p></p></font></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">2.2 </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">修购基金的提取不够规范:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">医院会计制度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">第三十一条规定:“固定资产按账面价值的一定比率提取修购基金”,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">医院会计制度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">中虽没向企业会计制度中明确提出“折旧”这个概念,但这种计提修购基金的方法实际上是按固定资产完全折旧的办法来计提折旧的。在会计处理时,借记:管理费用一一般修购费,贷记:专用基金——一般修购基金。这与企业会计制度相比,仍嫌不足。不能对应反应某项固定资产一般修购费的累计提取情况,不利于对累计提取数进行监督,也无法真实的反映固定资产的实际价值。因而笔者认为设置“累计折旧”来核算是必要的,它能反映固定资产的净值及新旧程度等。至于固定资产的清理报废可列入相应的科目进行账务处理,如此处理比较符合会计核算的“客观性”和“相关性”原则。</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><br /><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">2.3 </font></span><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">在当前的医疗纠纷的处理中,医院现行的财务会计制度在抗风险方面欠缺。如现行医院财务会计制度缺乏抗风险的内容,只有在经济赔偿发生时列入</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">其他支出</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">科目,未涉及抗风险的财务保障问题,未充分贯彻《会计准则》的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">稳健性原则</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">,未考虑医疗事故可能导致经济赔偿的财务风险,必然导致财务支出和净收入违背</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">会计稳健性原则</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">的会计反映。由于缺乏财务风险保险,一旦发生严重的医疗事故,导致巨大的经济赔偿必然会严重影响医院工作的正常进行。按医疗风险保障的原理,笔者认为一是增补建立医疗风险基金的科目;二是确定计提医疗风险基金的计提依据及计提比率,各医院可视其实际情况在弹性度内自行选择,但应遵守一贯性原则,在一个会计年度内不得任意变动;三是规定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">医疗风险基金</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">专款专用;四是允许医院使用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">医疗风险基金</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">向保险公司购置相应的险种。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">2.4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">增设“财务费用”科目。现行《医院会计制度》规定:医院发生的借款利息费用在“管理费用”科目中核算,存款利息收入在“其他收入”科目中核算,为适应医院新形势下成本核算和医院的负债经营的现状,规范核算借款(负债)的费用支出,合理反映借入资金的利息负担情况和合理评价资金(负债)的利用效益,故建议把原在“管理费用”中列支的借款利息支出和在“其他收入”中核算的存款利息收入统一规划到设立“财务费用”一级科目中核算,期末直接转入“收支结余”的“其他结余”。</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 9.0pt"><p></p></span></p> |