A. U.S. Organizations
1. Coordinators and promoters of standards development
ANSI - American National Standards Institute
A voluntary standards organization that serves as the coordinator for national standards in the United States and the U.S. member body to the International Organization for Standards. ANSI accredits standards committees and provides an open forum for interested parties to identify, plan, and agree on standards; it does not itself develop standards. Standards are developed by Standards Development Organizations (SDOs).
ANSI HISPP - ANSI Healthcare Informatics Standards Planning Panel
The Planning Panel was organized in 1991, with encouragement from Europe and leadership from the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR). Its purpose was to coordinate the various health data standards activities in the U.S.; such panels are ad hoc groups formed to address a perceived need. As of fall 1995, the Planning Panel disbanded, and a permanent Standards Board was established (see below). The Planning Panel had six subsidiary groups: Message Standards Developer Subcommittee; Codes and Vocabulary Task Group; Privacy, Security and Confidentiality Task Group; Identification Numbering Systems Task Group; and International and Regional Standards Subcommittee. The Board may assume all or some of these groups.
ANSI HISB - ANSI Healthcare Informatics Standards Board.
First meeting was February 23, 1996. As Standards Board, it is a standing organization within ANSI having planning and coordination responsibilities regarding both national and international health standards activities; stimulates the work of standards developers but does not itself develop standards. Currently voting members in Board decisions must be members of ANSI. At second meeting on June 20-21, 1996, four standing committees were established: Technical Coordination, International Development, Education and Promotion, and Legislative and Regulatory. The Technical Coordination Committee will include work groups on administrative operations; framework, models, architecture; vocabularies, identifiers and data sets; and security.
CPRI - Computer-Based Patient Records Institute
CPRI is a nonprofit membership organization committed to coordinating activities to facilitate and promote the routine use of computer-based patient records. The organization functions through its work groups: Codes and Structure; Confidentiality, Privacy and Security; CPR Systems Evaluation; and Professional and Public Education.
FESMCC - Federal EDI Standards Management Coordinating Committee
HIMA - Health Industry Manufacturers Association
National trade association representing more than 700 manufacturers of medical devices, diagnostic products and health information systems.
HIMSS - Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society
Provides leadership in health care for the management of systems, information and change, while striving for effective patient care through analysis and technology implementation. Membership consists of over 6000 professionals qualified to engage in the analysis, design and operation of health care information systems, management engineering, telecommunications and clinical professions.
HOST - Healthcare Open Systems and Trials
A nonprofit, broad-based industry consortium dedicated to accelerating the deployment of open, interoperable healthcare information systems.
MRI - Medical Records Institute
Founded in 1981, MRI=s primary mission is to promote electronic health record systems and identify building blocks and strategies for their implementation. MRI acts as a clearinghouse of information on national and international developments, conducts applied research and supports, coordinates and fosters the process of creating standards which cover the creation of electronic patient record systems. C. Peter Waegemann, Executive Director of MRI, is the first Chair of the ANSI HISB.
NIST - National Institute on Standards and Technology, formerly the Bureau of Standards
Located in Department of Commerce. Issues Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) Publication (PUB) on Electronic Data Interchange. Makes National Information Infrastructure grant awards.
WEDI - WorkGroup for Electronic Data Interchange
Established in late 1991, following a forum convened by Secretary of DHHS, Louis Sullivan, to address administrative costs in the nation=s health care system. Membership includes healthcare payer and provider organizations, standards development organizations, and others. Strongly supports work of ANSI ASC X12, NUBC and NUCC; does not itself develop standards.
2. Lead Standards Development Organizations
a. ANSI Accredited
ADA - American Dental Association
Sponsor and secretariat of Accredited Standards Committee MD156 for Dental Material, Instruments and Equipment. Four working groups for clinical information systems have been established to promote the concept of a dental computerized clinical work station.
ANSI ASC X12 - ANSI Accredited Standards Committee X12
This ASC is responsible for standardizing Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) transactions.
ASC X12N is the Insurance Subcommittee of X12; within this Subcommittee is a Task Group responsible for patient records and encounters. With NUBC, NUCC and WEDI advocates the existence of a standard electronic envelope to move data. Specific transaction sets developed by ASC X12 are: 834 for Health Care Enrollment and 837 for Health Care Claims; a health care encounter transaction for managed care has been integrated with the 837. These transactions are becoming the standards for EDI health care transactions in U.S.; eventually, U.S. may migrate to EDIFACT (see below) standards, if determined to meet U.S. needs.
ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials
A nonprofit organization devoted to the development of voluntary full consensus standards for materials, products, systems and services and the promotion of related knowledge. Through the work of 134 standards-writing committees, publishes standards that range from Building Seals and Sealants, Soaps and Other Detergents to Computer-Based Patient Records.
ASTM Committee E31 - ASTM Healthcare Informatics Standards Committee
E31.12 - Subcommittee on Computer-Based Patient Records
E31.19 - Subcommittee on Vocabulary for Computer-Based Patient Record Content and Structure; approach is to call for a basic minimum content and extend the minimum content according to unique Adata views@ (a specific collection of a unique set of data required to meet users= needs, e.g., for prevention - risk factors, healthcare outcomes, mental health, etc.). Draft publication - E1384-91, A Standard Guide for Content and Structure of the Computer-Based Patient Record.
HL-7 - Health Level Seven
Formed in 1987 to produce a standard for hospital information systems. Represents an application protocol for electronic data exchange in healthcare environments (the Aseventh level@ is the application level). Issues within the application level include definition of the data to be exchanged, the timing of the interchange and communication of certain errors of the application. Primarily concerned with movement within institution of orders; clinical observations and data, including test results; admission, transfer and discharge records; and charge and billing information (coordinating here with ASC X12). HL-7 is the selected standard for the interfacing of clinical data for most institutions, and most RFPs require its use.
HIBCC - Health Industry Business Communications Council
Founded in 1984 to serve as the focal point for development of technical standards for the health care industry; fosters and promotes automated business communications, such as health industry bar codes.
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
Formed to specify a set of robust and flexible communications standards for the exchange of data between heterogeneous healthcare information systems. Develops standards that are used for control and linking of medical instrumentation.
NCCLS - National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards
A nonprofit, educational organization that provides a communication forum for the development, promotion, and use of national and international standards and guidelines. Founded in 1968 and accredited by the American National Standards Institute, NCCLS has representation and participation from government, the medical industry, and the medical laboratory-related professions. The organization is based on the principle that voluntary consensus standards are essential for performing patient testing at the high level necessary for quality health care.
b. Non-Accredited
ACR-NEMA - American College of Radiology-National Electrical Manufacturers Association
Exists to produce standards for the communication of medical images.
DICOM - Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
Standards for the communication of diagnostic and therapeutic images (international in scope).
NCPDP - National Council for Prescription Drug Programs
Purpose is to create and promote third party prescription processing standards to the health care industry. Has defined a standard for sending prescription information from pharmacies to payers, for prescription management service, and for receiving approval and payment information almost in real time. Ninety percent of community pharmacies and 70% of nation=s outpatient prescriptions use the NCPDP standard.
NISO - National Information Standards Organization
Develops standards and promotes the voluntary use of technical standards in libraries and publishing and information services. Serves as U.S. technical advisory group to TC 46 of the International Organization for Standardization. Maintains 25 standards committees.
NUBC - National Uniform Billing Committee
Chaired by American Hospital Association and consists of equal representation of provider organizations (i.e., AHA and state affiliates, Healthcare Financial Management Association and Federation of American Health Systems) and payer organizations (Health Care Financing Administration [HCFA], Medicaid, CHAMPUS, Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association [BCBSA] and the Health Insurance Association of America [HIAA]. The Group Health Association of America/American Managed Care and Review Association (GHAA/AMCRA) more recently has become a member. NUBC is responsible for uniform data standards and formats for institutional health care services and providers; it developed and maintains the Uniform Bill (currently UB-92), which is a major vehicle for collecting the Uniform Hospital Discharge Data Set (UHDDS).
NUCC - National Uniform Claim Committee
Chaired by American Medical Association and consists of 12 voting members, including HCFA, Alliance for Managed Care, ANSI ASC X12N, BCBSA, AAHP, HIAA, Medical Group Management Association, National Association of Insurance Commissioners, National Association of Equipment Services, National Association of State Medicaid Directors, and NUBC. NUCC is developing a uniform claim for the noninstitutional health care community. Its predecessor, the Uniform Claim Form Task Force, co-chaired by AMA and HCFA, developed the HCFA 1500, which is a major vehicle for collecting the Uniform Ambulatory Care Data Set (UACDS). The goal of the NUCC is for the uniform claim to be equivalent across products, contracts and government programs.
c. Organizations developing performance measures and indicators
ACGIH - American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
ACGIH is an organization devoted to the development and improvement of worker health protection. The organization develops Treshold Limit Values (TLVs) for chemical and physical agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) for chemicals. TLVs and BEIs are intended for use by health professionals as guidelines or recommendations in the control of potential health hazards and are used internationally for establishing occupational standards.
Facct - Foundation for Accountability
Formed in 1995 as a purchaser and consumer driven organization to evaluate, endorse and promote a common set of patient-oriented measures of health care quality focused on the outcomes of care. Does not intend to become an auditing or accrediting organization. Published a Prototype Guidebook for Performance Measurement.
JCAHO - Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations
Formed in 1951 by American College of Physicians, American College of Surgeons, American Hospital Association, American Medical Association, and Canadian Medical Association. Accredits hospitals and other healthcare organizations, including health care networks. In 1994 developed the Indicator Measurement System (IMSystem) to help health care organizations measure and improve their performance and to assist JCAHO in evaluating the performance of health care organizations as part of the survey and accreditation process. .
NCQA - National Committee for Quality Assurance
Formed in 1979 by GHAA/AMCRA to promote quality assurance, standards, and performance measurement. Now independent. Developed Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) and Medicaid HEDIS. Committee on Performance Measurement currently developing HEDIS 3.0. NCQA also reviews and accredits managed care plans.
URAC - Utilization Review Accreditation Commission
Established in 1990 as an arm of AMCRA to promote consistent standards in the way that utilization review procedures are applied. Now independent. Organizations offering UR services can seek accreditation from URAC; standards apply to prospective, concurrent, and retrospective utilization review for inpatient admissions as well as outpatient procedures and services. In 1995 developed national network accreditation standards.
d. Departmental Organizations
DHHS Data Council
Established in 1995 as part of the Reinventing Government (REGO2) initiative. Membership consists of Heads of Operating Divisions and Staff Divisions that report directly at to the Secretary, as well as the Senior Advisor to the Secretary for Health Statistics (NCHS Director) and the HHS Privacy Advocate. Has taken responsibility for Vice President Gore=s charge to the Department to take the lead in interagency efforts focusing on four health areas of the National Information Infrastructure: data standards, privacy, telemedicine and enhanced health information for consumers. Also is overseeing the DHHS Survey Integration Plan. Serves as HHS liaison to the National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics and is the focal point for receiving NCVHS recommendations, integrating NCVHS input with other activities, making appropriate proposals to the Secretary, and making recommendations regarding future NCVHS membership. Focal point for coordinating with other federal departments on health and social data standards.
DHHS IRM Council and Investment Control Review Board
Establishes DHHS IRM policy, technology standards, and reviews all departmental information technology investments for providing funding action advice to the DHHS Chief Information Officer and the Secretary under the Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1996.
HISSB - Health Information and Surveillance Systems Board
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Policy Board responsible for formulating and enacting policy concerning the planning, development, maintenance and use of integrated public health information and surveillance systems. The Board also coordinates standards development and representation of CDC to standards-setting organizations.
NCVHS - National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics
External Advisory Committee to Secretary and Data Council, DHHS; consists of 16 members with overlapping four-year terms. NCHS serves as Executive Secretary. Committee was established in 1949 in response to recommendation by the World Health Organization. Rechartered in January 1996 to include a more direct focus on data standardization and privacy activities.
WHO Collaborating Center for the Classification of Diseases for North America
Established in 1974 at the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Has responsibility for the International Classification of Diseases family of classifications in the United States and in English-speaking North America.
B. International Organizations
CEN - Comite Europeen de Normalisation (European Committee for Normalization)
European Standards Committee; prepares as well as coordinates European standards in all sectors.
CEN/TC 251 - Technical Committee for Medical Informatics
Deals with healthcare information, modeling and medical records; terminology; communications and messages; security and privacy.
CCITT - International Telephone and Telegraph Communication Committee
Responsible for international communications standards.
EDIFACT - Electronic Data Interchange For Administration, Commerce and Transport
Goal is for a single international EDI standard flexible enough to meet the needs of government and private industry. United Nations/Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) appoints EDIFACT rapporteurs for North American, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Australia/New Zealand, Asia and Africa. HCFA and NIST are working on a project to analyze and compare the healthcare EDI standards being developed by ASC X12 and those being developed by the UN/EDIFACT committee.
ILO - International Labour Organization
This organization has developed the ILO International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses (dust diseases of the lungs which are often occupationally related). The ILO system enables radiologists and other physicians to classify chest radiographs of persons with pneumoconiosis. The aim of this system is to standardize chest x-ray classification methods and facilitate international comparisions of pneumoconiosis statistics and research reports. It also can be used as a severity index for specific types of pneumoconioses.
ISO - International Organization for Standardization
Founded in 1946, one of the two major international non-treaty standards organizations; serves to coordinate and develop international voluntary consensus standards that facilitate world trade and contribute to public safety and health. ANSI is the official US member body. A proposal is under review to create an ISO Technical Committee on Healthcare Informatics. |
发表于 2007-2-27 05:44:11
发表于 2007-2-27 15:51:45