要先搞清楚 HL7 标准的宗旨是什么。学习和应用 HL7 不要盲目、病急乱投医。
首先要了解 OSI 是啥玩艺儿?总共有几层?为什么叫 HL7 ?
OSI 全称 Open Systems Interconnection。与目前大家最熟悉的 TCP/IP 是同一类型的东西。是用来做数据交换用的一个国际标准。TCP/IP 有四层,而 OSI 则总共七层:
Layer 7: The application layer...This is the layer at which communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data syntax are identified. (This layer is not the application itself, although some applications may perform application layer functions.)
Layer 6: The presentation layer...This is a layer, usually part of an operating system, that converts incoming and outgoing data from one presentation format to another (for example, from a text stream into a popup window with the newly arrived text). Sometimes called the syntax layer.
Layer 5: The session layer...This layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogs between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination.
Layer 4: The transport layer...This layer manages the end-to-end control (for example, determining whether all packets have arrived) and error-checking. It ensures complete data transfer.
Layer 3: The network layer...This layer handles the routing of the data (sending it in the right direction to the right destination on outgoing transmissions and receiving incoming transmissions at the packet level). The network layer does routing and forwarding.
Layer 2: The data-link layer...This layer provides synchronization for the physical level and does bit-stuffing for strings of 1\'s in excess of 5. It furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and management.
Layer 1: The physical layer...This layer conveys the bit stream through the network at the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier.
HL7 全称 Health Level 7。为啥叫 Level 7? 因为它是定义在 OSI 第七层的数据交换格式标准。
因此,简单地说:
1. 除非 HIS 要与其他信息系统或 Gateway 交换数据, HL7 在一个 HIS 里面没有半点用处。
2. 只有交换信息系统都有 HL7,并有有兼容的进出接口才能接通。
3. 因为 HL7 定义在第七层,交换数据的进出接口和媒体没有定义。你必须和其他厂商商议一个接口。常见的有 http,ftp,a file system, 和 BSD socket/Winsock。目前大家用得最多的是 Winsock。
HL7 可是一个单独的 Gateway 软件。一般有 Inbound,Outbound 和 Query 三个部分。有 Query 部分的系统比较少见。支持的 HL7 信息最常见的有 ADT,ORM 和 ORU。
如果在自己 HIS/RIS 系统里内部用 HL7 格式做 native format 也无偿不可,只是效益非常低。HL7 不是为此而设计的。
因此,大动干戈把现有的 HIS 改写成“符合 HL7 标准和 HIS” 是胡来。当然,你如果骗得过院长,分点钱给我就行了,我不会去告密。 |